HU300 Unit 7 A Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

HU300 Unit 7 A - Research Paper Example It is to be understood as having a â€Å"life† that moves within it (Scruton, 2009, p. 7). Therefore, music is about life and is understood as the universal language. As a universal language of life, music portrays our moods in all aspects of our lives. People listen to music for a lot of reasons: to ease melancholy, to celebrate victory, to complement the feeling of romance and passion, to grieve and to listen to the new single of one’s’ favorite artist. Therefore, music is a way of life, and it forms part of our journey as humans. Music: Representation of Moods and Stages of Life Childhood Years During my childhood years, there was something about male and female groups that I really liked the most. I grew up listening to Spice Girls, Aqua, Boyz II Men, Westlife, and Blue, but most of all, I was notably addicted to Spice Girls. Perhaps, it was all about their stature and fame that I was hooked with their popular hits like 2 Become 1, Wannabe, Viva Forever, and Stop. These songs enlivened my childhood especially that this group also complemented their music with colorful outfits, those that would really dazzle the audience especially the young ones. Moreover, their songs were groovy and had the element of recall which made them easier to memorize. As a child, I would love to hear songs that make me happy, groove, and smile. These songs influenced my childhood in such a way that they became part of my everyday routine. During weekends, I played their CD all throughout the day that no wonder, the CD had tantrums once in a while. Adolescence Stage When I entered high school, the music industry was even livelier. Rock bands, talent search singers, and veteran hit makers continue to make songs for mass consumption, most especially that the Internet was on its hype, and almost all music released or are presently hitting the waves are very much available online. I still adore U2, The Fray, Red Hot Chili Peppers, and The Calling. Notice the shift from being so obsessed with an all-female group to alternative rock bands. Nevertheless, I started to appreciate the music of The Calling. My adolescent music life was filled with vigor with this band on my A-list. My preference to their music was not in any way a matter of ‘going with the flow’ as most teenagers were head-over-heels with rock bands. It was because I recognized this band’s passion to write songs that reflect strong emotions, most notably songs that contain sincere messages about being in-love and standing strong against the odds of being in a relationship. I was magically transported to another dimension of the world when I heard the song ‘Stigmatized’ by The Calling. When one is in the adolescent stage, all you think of is making the most out of life. Surely, one manifestation of living life as if it is the world’s end is by being in love. ‘Stigmatized’ reflects teenagers drive to make a relationship work, despit e all the circumstances stopping the possible romance to bloom. The melody brought by the acoustic guitar and the intense vocal prowess of the lead singer make the song more of a personal conversation rather than a compilation of words and melody. Certainly, this song has been part of my youthful years. Comforting Music There is this beauty not found in every note and lyric of the song but on the general properties of music (Cook & Everist, 1999). Music comforts us through the whole impact of the song and not in every syllable or

Egypt and Mesopotamia before 3000 BC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Egypt and Mesopotamia before 3000 BC - Essay Example Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia were ruled by kings at a time before 3000 BC; they were also ruled by priestly castes during this period. The powers of ruler ship were shared amongst a few erudite elites. The economies of these two civilizations were slave-driven as slaves formed the major manpower for their productions. Their societies were formed into status groups as they formed castes based on status and it was the privileged people that were at the upper end of the caste system. The religious edifices and palaces of Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia civilizations were constructed for governmental and ceremonial purposes. Division of labor was also the basis of production of Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. The Ancient writings of Mesopotamia and Egypt also influenced modern day writings. 1 In the political system of the two civilizations, the Egyptian civilization was ruled by a powerful centralized government, while Mesopotamia was ruled by the governments of regional city-states. The literary tradition of the Mesopotamians was greater than that of the Egyptians. In architecture, the Egyptians built more monumental structures than the Mesopotamians and this was also due to the belief of the Egyptians in the afterlife as they built these structures to honor the dead.

Reasons for Divorce in the UAE

Reasons for Divorce in the UAE Abstract The aim behind conducting this research is to shed light on some of the major reasons of the divorce phenomenon in UAE, which is drastically soaring in rate. This writing attempts to explore ideas about the factors of divorce and its catalysts in the society. This research also provides a detailed description of such factors and presents the most common reasons that led to the emergence of the factors behind divorce. In general, this writing logically outlines the reasons that led to divorce. This research is still in progress; thus, this paper only serves as a blueprint to a final draft, which shall cover the issue in a more comprehensive approach and provide broader detail about the phenomena. Since time constraint delimits the researcher to obtain more information about the issue, only a partial coverage of the phenomenon is tackled in this research paper. The major issues tackled in the succeeding text as contributory to the escalating rate of divorce in the Emirates include early marriage, financial issues, culture/tradition, polygamy, and adultery. All of these reasons suggest poor marriage foundation which maybe due to a lack of understanding about the reality of married life and a lack of regard for the value of marriage. At the end of this research, an accurate picture of the social issue shall be presented in the conclusion. Possible solutions will also be recommended to curb the rising rate of divorce in the form of formal and informal education to create awareness about responsible decision-making on matters concerning marriage thru the use of various media whether thru print, radio, or the internet, and by reinforcing existing government initiatives to address this social issue. Introduction Since the primitive ages of mankind, couples have chosen to be either together or separated. Divorce is a legitimate separation process imposed by religion; however, sophistication of the human beings by means of different religious beliefs, education and experiences in life could not put an end to the obstacle of divorce. Furthermore, the common reasons of divorce are shared worldwide and have general characteristics. Whether the reasons rely on both/ or either of the spouses, divorce is a substance of causes and effects-chains that should be seriously taken into consideration. Unlike worldwide countries, the divorce rate in the U.A.E. is increasing for many different scenarios. In this paper, the major reasons of why married couples resort to breaking the bonds of marriage thru a divorce will be discussed in further detail. Additionally, this paper shall comprehensively tackle how such scenarios have contributed to the alarming rise of divorce rate in UAE. At the end of this resear ch, we shall be able to acquire a good picture of how serious is this social issue, and suggest ways on how the society and the government can effectively address this. As a country known to the world to uphold high morals and regard the sanctity of marriage with high valuation, it is but essential that social authorities look into this social issue and initiate actions to control the rising rate. The escalating rate of divorce in the country has been attributed to early marriage, financial issues, culture/tradition, polygamy, and adultery. Body of the Essay Early Marriage Early marriage is one of the main causes of divorce. According to one study, 13.5% of divorced women and 23.7% of divorced men married early (Nazzal, 2001). At the beginning, according to Jamal Al Bah, director of the Marriage Fund in the U.A.E, many marriage cases end up in divorce because couples lack experience regarding the problems they face when they start their new lives. For example, some couples think that marriage is as smooth as the previous life they used to live with their families where there were neither responsibilities nor obligations to assume. Nevertheless, marriage is an infinite chain of new and different duties that each and every new married couple should take into consideration before they step into it. Furthermore, because some couples do not have mature experience about marital life and spousal obligations, they will not be able to react properly or take proper decisions for different obstacles they face (Gessner, 2000). Dr. Fatma Sayegh, a professor at the UAE University in Al Ain who is specializing in womens issues, have the same stand. According to her, young people get into marriage without an understanding of its significance. This is the reason why these relationships dont last, especially when faced with the challenges of married life. Moreover, problems that face early marriages may be aggravated by the fact that the couple had not had much time to know each other well before getting married; thus compatibility issues arise which may result into misunderstandings between the couple thats difficult to resolve (Chilton, 2009). Second, many families force their daughters to marry men who are of an age that is very different to their own. For example, girls who are in their late teens or early twenties, get married to men who are in their forties or even older that causes a clash of thinking and other forms of problems. In other words, these girls are not mature enough to cope with the new difficulties of the spousal life. In shor t, girls in such situations are always victims of their families inappropriate choice to the right partner for them (Gessner, 2000). Apart from that compatibility problems may also arise primarily due to age gap and differences in interests, attitudes, beliefs, and values. Financial Problems Financial problems are another main cause for divorce. Firstly, it is widely known what precedes a marriage; its all about the expenditures made by grooms, which may lead to huge financial difficulties that would shortly threaten a couples life (Chilton, 2009). For instance, in order for the grooms to please their brides and make them enjoy their wedding day, they have to do many things. Furthermore, some grooms spend more than they can afford by taking huge loans from banks. Moreover, other families may ask for a dowry which is known in most cases among U.A.E nationals as a huge amount that a groom is required to pay for his bride. Although these expenses make newly-wed couples happy on their wedding day, they might contribute later on to ruining their life that has not started yet, a life in debt. Secondly, the rent sky rocketing constitutes a new factor that causes divorce. For example, according to Jasem Mekki, head of the Family Guidance Committee, studies revealed that the spou se couldnt afford the appropriate accommodation for his wife as the rents are soaring, and he added, â€Å"The problem affected the newly married couples more†. With such calamity, one wonders why the government has not so far taken the appropriate measures to curb the spread of the rent hikes within the country, knowing that the latter provokes serious social problems in the U.A.E community (Nazzal, 2009). Thirdly, an unsatisfactory salary tears some couples marital life. As a part of Mekkis work, â€Å"The income of young people does not give them the chance to get a house and start a family†. Recently, this becomes obvious with the increasing cost of living (Nazzal, 2009). Polygamy The diagram below shows the result of a study by the UAE Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs on the most important reasons of divorce among Emirati couples. From the data, it can be inferred that it is often the man who initiates the divorce, and the most prevalent reason for this is polygamy or the desire to marry another woman (Hammad, 2003). Reasons of Divorce among UAE Couples In addition to the early marriage and the financial problems, polygamy is considered as a crucial motive for divorce. First of all, the inability of women to have children could be considered as a primary reason for polygamy. According to an article published in Islam Online in year 2006, twenty-three percent (23%) of women are deprived of having children. Although these women inability to have children is beyond their will (or in other words, it is their fate), their husbands blame it on them and take advantage of the situation to seek another partner who will be able to give them what the first one had deprived them of. Second, some women become victims of age as they grow older, so men tend to use that as an excuse to find another younger wife. Based on the same survey in the article mentioned above, thirty-one percent (31%) of divorces is due to the mans desire to marry another woman. Third, family duties negligence is a factor that leads to divorce as well. This, including overi ndulgence to alcohol, accounts for thirteen (13%) of responses for divorce reasons. In other words, a man might fail to fulfill his duties as a husband or a father by staying out late, missing family functions, or not being there for his wife or kids needs. This means the wife has to compensate and carries out the fathers responsibilities as well. This increase in responsibility overburdens her and eventually makes her unwillingly neglecting her duties as a wife. In many cases this is an adequate reason for the man to go and marry again. Thus, such study concluded that in most cases, it is the man that most likely initiates the divorce (Hammad, 2003). Cultural/Traditional Habits Cultural/Traditional habits are another major cause of elevated divorce rates in the UAE. First, fixed marriages might have influenced the rate of divorced nationals. For instance, many couples go into marriage just to fulfill their families desires, and they get failed expectations or unmet needs (Gessner, 2000). Second, Middle Eastern male sexism and women liberation are a huge factor in the chain of divorce. Women fight to be financially independent clashed with men rejection of allowing their wives working in an atmosphere that will put them in contact with other men. This is because men prefer them to stay home to look after their children. Women see that as a sexist act that is discriminating against them and violating their right of equalization. Dr. Hassan Ismael Obaid, social advisor to the UAE marriage fund stated that the changing attitudes of many national women had also played a big role in the rising divorce rates. They were resisting the social structures that rendered them faceless and voiceless, and bound them socially and financially to male relative (Gessner, 2000). Third, sometimes family interference is another factor that leads couples to divorce. A recent study on divorce conducted by the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs stressed in many cases couples were divorced after they chose to share accommodation with their families. According to this study, thirty-four percent (34%) of divorced women have lived with their spouses families and around eight percent of divorced men have lived with their wives families (Nazzal, 2001). Such a setup contributes to making the situation between the young spouses worse. For instance, some couples who get married might have small misunderstandings between each other, and because they are sharing their accommodation usually with either family, they get to seek advice by involving them in every misunderstanding they face whether shallow or serious. Such interference could sometimes make matters worse bet ween the spouses instead of simplifying them. Ultimately, this can automatically cause divorce for a couple. Adultery Last but not least, adultery is one of the worst ways of causing divorce. This happens when one of the spouses in a marriage has an affair and been unfaithful to the other. In the beginning, â€Å"Islam views adultery as a violation of a marital contract and one of the major sins†; yet in this day and age, many of married Moslems are in lack of the religious factor, which comes between them and between committing the act of infidelity (Adultery). Second, there is the blind negative imitation of foreigners via exposure to all types of media whether it is TV, magazine and internet. This influences the community to adapt to new behavior patterns of openness that contradicts with the native culture (Gessner, 2000). Moreover, this blind imitation made many members of the society see adultery as a normal thing to do, a conduct that is overlooked, forgivable, and not a taboo as long as it remained an unmentioned little secret. Third, the psychological effect on the behavior and perso nality is a reason among the others. For example, it is said that the way a person is raised as a child plus the way he/she was treated, shapes his/her personality. In addition, how a person interacts with the community is traced back to his/her early stages of development, so some couples face problems with trust and honesty that cause marital difficulties. Yet, instead of working on them, they go on and have affairs on the side to seek attention and satisfaction. â€Å"The way couples are brought up affects their ability to face the reality were raised during childhood, when they were prevented from expressing themselves freely and clearly, is considered one of the reasons for the increasing divorce rate† (Survey reveals 46pc divorce rate in UAE, 2005). The brining up system therefore affects the couples ability to face and deal with the reality later on their lives. Conclusion In conclusion, the divorce rate in the United Arab Emirates is soaring due to diverse reasons. Although, there is no official statistics on how rampant divorce cases are in the country, it is estimated that one in three Emirati couples end up in divorce (UAE steps in to curb rising divorce rate, 2009). Primarily, most cases of divorce are due to improper reason for the decision to get tied up in marriage such as what happens in early marriages and arranged marriages as dictated by culture and tradition. Such marriages have shown to have poor foundation, which is why it is not lasting and thus forcing both parties to culminate the marriage bond thru a divorce. And because of compatibility issues and poor bond, these couples find it difficult to bring the relationship across tides that maybe normally encountered by married couples like financial problems. Other reasons which also account a large percentage of the reasons why couples in UAE end up in divorce are rooted on morality. One author of The Emirates Economist commented that with the currently soaring rate of divorce in UAE, the United States is far from being morally inferior to UAE in such terms (Chilton, 2008). This assertion can be more justified with the fact that polygamy and adultery are among the major reasons why UAE couples end up breaking bonds of marriage. The community structure and culture provides an appropriate environment that fosters the tremendous spread of this phenomenon. A solution might not be easily obtained but, with proper formal and informal education combined and further religious-based awareness thru the use of various media among the new generation, eventually such phenomenon would significantly be reduced. It is suggested that education about marriage be started early on and integrated with formal sex education courses in schools. This is potentially beneficial especially among our youth to create an awareness of the reality of marriage life in their young minds and prepare t hem to make wiser decisions for their future. Such awareness may not only be taught in schools; the vast array of media tools that modern technology has created may be utilized to spread information about the right motivation for marriage. Other than that, the television, audio media, newspapers, and the internet maybe utilized by authorities to promote and reinforce good values and morals about the sanctity of marriage among the Emiratis especially the younger generation. Currently, there is a government drive to curb the rising rate of divorce among Emirate couples and such is directed among the youth. A council was created which will look into new trends and the youths attitudes towards marriage. This nationwide survey will be conducted by the UAE Ministry of Social Affairs (UAE steps in to curb rising divorce rate, 2009). Moreover, government initiatives such as monitoring divorce rates, tax incentives for couples and their children, conduct of mass discussion about the negative effects of divorce thru awareness campaigns, and founding social leagues to save families and settle disputes may also curb the rising rate of divorce (UAE has one of the highest divorce rates in the Middle East, 2009). Apart from these moves, one cause of why UAE couples find it easy to resort to divorce is its cheap cost; thus, the government and authorities might as well consider increasing its cost for the benefit of making Emiratis more responsible in deciding regarding marriage matters. The rising rate of divorce in the UAE society must be a cause of concern for the government and the Emirates society as a whole. Steps to curb its rise must be seriously initiated. After all, marriage is a serious social matter; it is not like chewing gum that one can just simply spit when it loses taste. And as a nation that upholds a reputation of high morals, we dont want to be known as a country of broken homes. References Adultery. (n.d.). Retrieved Dec 31, 2009, from Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adultery#Islam. Chilton, J. (2008, Mar 24). Divorce. Retrieved Jan 05, 2010, from The Emirates Economist: Economic Analysis of Events in the United Arab Emirates and the Gulf: http://emirateseconomist.blogspot.com/2008_03_01_archive.html. Chilton, J. (2009, Jan 26). Divorce: UAE Style. Retrieved Jan 05, 2010, from The Emirates Economist: Economic Analysis of Events in the United Arab Emirates and the Gulf: http://emirateseconomist.blogspot.com/2009/01/divorce-uae-style.html. Gessner, L. (2000, Mar 17). Marriage and the challenge of modern development. Retrieved Jan 05, 2010, from gulfnews.com: http://www.gulfnews.com/archives/17032000/friday/fri.htm. Hammad, R. (2003, May 15). Divorce Costs UAE $220 Million Annually. Retrieved Dec 2009, 31, from Islamonline.net: http://www.islamonline.net/English/News/2003-05/15/article05.shtml. Nazzal, N. (2001, Sept 02). Early marriage likely cause of divorce-study. Retrieved Jan 05, 2010, from gulfnews.com: http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/general/early-marriage-likely-cause-of-divorce-study-1.424031. Nazzal, N. (2009, May 03). Soaring rents spawn marital discord in RAK. Retrieved Jan 04, 2010, from gulfnews.com: http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/general/soaring-rents-spawn-marital-discord-in-rak-1.272362. Survey reveals 46pc divorce rate in UAE. (2005, Sept 16). Retrieved Jan 05, 2010, from Khaleej Times Online: http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle.asp?xfile=data/theuae/2005/September/theuae_September502.xml §ion=theuaecol. UAE has one of the highest divorce rates in the Middle East. (2009 Mar 19). Retrieved Jan 05, 2010, from Fudzail: http://1426.blogspot.com/2009/05/uae-has-one-of-highest-divorce-rates-in.html. UAE steps in to curb rising divorce rate. (2009, Dec 31). Retrieved Jan 05, 2010, from Maktoob News: http://business.maktoob.com/20090000413242/UAE_steps_in_to_curb_rising_divorce_rate_/Article.htm.

Downloading From The Internet: Should it be Allowed? :: Music Internet Computers Essays

Downloading From The Internet: Should it be Allowed? Amy Harmon and John Schwartz’s article, â€Å"The Problem With Sharing†, published in the November 17 issue of New York Times Upfront, discusses problems with downloading files from the Internet. The article explains that there are many problems with downloading music from the Internet for free. The article states that the attitude all across America is that people feel that anything that is on the Internet is considered free. Most any Internet file sharing is illegal. The music has started to sue people who share files. â€Å"Last month, the industry followed up on its September lawsuits against 261 people accused of illegally downloading music by notifying another 204 people that they would be next† (Harmon, Amy and John Schwartz par. 5). Downloading does not fairly pay artists or owners of the material being downloaded. â€Å"I presume the problem these laws are having some impact, but they’re not solving the problem,† says Senator Norm Coleman, a Minnesota Republican (Harmon, Amy and John Schwartz par. 7). The article also states that the music industry says that downloading a song from the Internet is like stealing a CD from a store. The American public seems to think that it’s just like recording a song of the radio. The copyright laws says that it is legal to record and distribute copies of a song, as long as they are purchased, to family and friends but its illegal to distribute them to strangers (Harmon, Amy and John Schwartz par. 9). The article says that earlier thing like radio stations were being protested by artists until they got paid royalties for radio stations playing their songs. There are some musicians and some small record companies that support downloading because they say it gets artists music at no cost to them. There are several new sites like itunes that sell downloadable music for a cheap price (Harmon, Amy and John Schwartz p. 19). The article states that they’re several downloading sites like Kazaa that let people share files for free. The ages of the users vary. According to Nielsen/Net Ratings 3.9million people of all ages used Kazaa during the week of September 15 (Harmon, Amy and John Schwartz p. 20). â€Å"As long as technology makes the illegal behavior so easy- and when for many people, it doesn’t feel illegal—the record companies will need to do more than sue† (Harmon, Amy and John Schwartz p.

Acknowledgement: Project Management Essay

Project Team would like to express deepest gratitude to the following people who in one way or another contributed, helped, and supported them for the successful development of their project which is Software Development Plan. To Almighty GOD, for giving the Project Team the knowledge and wisdom to make the development of this Software Development Plan successful, and for giving the strength and blessing in order to overcome all the struggles and problems that the project team encountered while doing this project. To the Project Team’s Family, for giving financial and moral support and the love that makes the team work hard to finish the project. To Mr. Christian D. Jamisola, for giving the guidance and support to the project team in developing this Software Development Plan. To Ms. Edelvita Marie D. Anonat, the project team content editor, for checking and correcting the grammer lapses of the SDP documents. To all friends and classmates, for their inspiration, never-ending encouragement and for being there in times of needs. PREFACE Creating the Software Development Plan will serve as the team guide in developing the Capstone Project, â€Å"Web-Based The Lewis College Alumni Information System†. It indicates the process model, allocation of resources and other important matters of the system such as schedules, organizations, and constraints. This Software Development Plan is a plan to prepare and to guide the developers of the capstone project for the next school year as partial requirement of their course in Bachelor of Science in Information Technology (BSIT).

Reactive Power Based Rotor Resistance Estimation Engineering Essay

Abstract-In this paper, a elaborate survey on the Model Reference Adaptive Controller ( MRAC ) using the reactive power is presented for the on-line appraisal of rotor opposition to keep proper flux orientation in an Indirect Vector Controlled Induction Motor Drive. Choice of reactive power as the functional campaigner in the MRAC automatically makes the system immune to the fluctuation of stator opposition. Furthermore, the alone formation of The MRAC with the instantaneous and steady-state reactive power wholly eliminates the demand of any flux appraisal in the procedure of calculation. Therefore, the method is less sensitive to integrator-related jobs like impetus and impregnation ( necessitating no integrating ) . Simulation consequences have been presented to corroborate the effectivity of the technique. THE indirect field oriented ( IFO ) -controlled initiation motor ( IM ) thrust is widely used in high public presentation industry applications [ 1 ] , [ 2 ] due to its simpleness and fast dynamic response. However, feedforward accommodation of the faux pas frequence, which requires rotor opposition, makes this scheme dependant on machine parametric quantities. Of all the parametric quantities, the rotor opposition undergoes considerable fluctuation and if attention is non taken to counterbalance for the alteration, the flux orientation is lost, ensuing in matching between the d- and q-axes variables. As is good known, the yoke makes the public presentation of the thrust system sulky. Attention is focused to implement field orientation through on-line appraisal of the machine parametric quantities [ 3 ] – [ 6 ] . Many on-line parametric quantity appraisal strategies are available in literature [ 7 ] – [ 20 ] . They are loosely classified as follows Spectral analysis technique Observer based techniques Model mention adaptive system based techniques Heuristic methods Reactive power based technique In one category of method, appraisal of rotor clip changeless is done utilizing the spectral analysis techniques. This group of methods is based on the measured response to a intentionally injected trial signal or an bing characteristic harmonic in the voltage/current spectrum. Stator currents and electromotive forces of the motor are sampled and the parametric quantities are derived from the spectral analysis of these samples. The 2nd categorization of rotor opposition designation strategy used observer based techniques. Most of the methods have used the Extended Kalman Filter, which is a computationally intensive technique [ 11 ] and [ 12 ] . Loron and Laliberte describe the motor theoretical account and the development and tuning of an drawn-out Kalman filter ( EKF ) for parametric quantity appraisal during normal runing conditions without presenting any trial signals. The proposed method requires terminal and rotor velocity measurings and is utile for car tuning an indirect field-oriented accountant or an adaptative direct field-oriented accountant. Zai, DeMarco, and Lipo propose a method for sensing of the reverse rotor clip changeless utilizing the EKF by handling the rotor clip changeless as the 5th province variable along with the stator and rotor currents. The drawbacks are that this method is computationally intensive. The 3rd group of online rotor opposition version methods is based on rules of theoretical account mention adaptative control. This is the attack that has attracted most of the attending due to its comparatively simple execution demands [ 13 ] and [ 14 ] . In add-on to the above methods, there are besides a few techniques proposed which can non be classified in the above three classs. These may be based on the measuring of steady province stator electromotive force, current and motor velocity, the rotor opposition can so be calculated algebraically from the equations derived. These methods are grouped to be Heuristic methods. The chief drawback for the above techniques is that the Rotor Resistance depends on vitamin D and q axis axis rotor flux which in bend depends on Stator Resistance. Therefore if any mistake occurs in the Stator Resistance, the truth of rotor flux deteriorates which in bend affects the truth of estimated Rotor Resistance. Reactive power based rotor opposition calculator [ 1 ] overcomes the disadvantage of above job. Choice of reactive power as the functional campaigner in the Model Reference Adaptive Controller ( MRAC ) automatically makes the system immune to the fluctuation of Stator Resistance. The alone formation of the MRAC with the instantaneous and steady-state reactive power eliminates the demand of any flux appraisal in the procedure of calculation. 2. MRAS based rotor opposition appraisal for vector controlled initiation motor thrusts The parametric quantity can be calculated by the theoretical account mention adaptative system ( MRAS ) , where the end product of a mention theoretical account is compared with the end product of an adjustable or adaptative theoretical account until the mistakes between the two theoretical accounts vanishes to zero. The mistake signal is used to drive an adaptative mechanism ( PI or I controller ) which provides rectification of the rotor opposition. In MRAS, the works ‘s response is forced to track the response of a mention theoretical account, irrespective of the works ‘s parametric quantity fluctuation and burden perturbation consequence. Such a system is defined as a robust system. The mention theoretical account may be fixed or adaptative. Choice of reactive power as the functional campaigner in the Model Reference Adaptive Controller ( MRAC ) automatically makes the system immune to the fluctuation of Stator Resistance. The alone formation of the MRAC with the instantaneous and steady-state reactive power wholly eliminates the demand of any flux appraisal in the procedure of calculation. Therefore, the method is independent of Stator Resistance appraisal and integrating impetus jobs. Fig 1 Basic construction of MRAS In the proposed MRAC ( Fig. 1 ) , the mention theoretical account and adjustable theoretical account compute instantaneous reactive power ( ) and steady-state reactive power ( ) severally. Note that the mention theoretical account is independent of slip frequence ( ) whereas the adjustable theoretical account depends on ( ) . The mistake signal ( ) is fed to the version mechanism block, which yields estimated slip velocity ( ) . Rotor opposition ( ) is so computed from ( ) . 2.1 Theoretical Development of the Proposed Scheme The vitamin D and q axis electromotive forces for IM mentioning to the synchronously revolving ( I†°e ) mention frame can be expressed as ( 1 ) ( 2 ) The instantaneous reactive power ( Q ) can be expressed as ( 3 ) Substituting ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) in ( 3 ) , the new look of Q is ( 4 ) It is worthwhile to advert that the above looks of Q are free from stator opposition, which is a noteworthy characteristic of any reactive power-based strategy. In steady province the derivative footings are zero. Therefore, the look of estimated reactive power ( ) is obtained as reduces to ( 5 ) 2.2 Evaluations and Parameters of Induction Motor The parametric quantities of the initiation machine used for simulation are given in the Table shown below. Table 2.3 Parameters of 2.2KW 150V, 50Hz 6 Pole Induction MachineParametersValuessStator Resistance ( Rs ) Rotor Resistance ( Rr ) Magnetizing Inductance ( Lm ) Stator Inductance ( Ls ) Rotor Inductance ( Ls ) Inertia Jtot Clash B Rated Current Rated Torque 6.03I © 6.085I © 0.4893H 0.5192H 0.5192H 0.007187Kgm2 0.0027Kgm2/s 2.9Amps 7.5Nm 2.3 Simulation Consequences The Performance of MRAS based rotor opposition calculator utilizing reactive power method for vector controlled initiation motor thrusts is analyzed with assorted alterations in rotor opposition for the operating status of 415V/50Hz with rated burden torsion of 7.5Nm With 100 % measure alteration in Rotor Resistance. With 100 % incline alteration in Rotor Resistance. With 100 % trapezoidal alteration in Rotor Resistance Fig 2 Actual and Estimated Rotor Resistance for 100 % measure alteration Rr Fig 3 Actual and Estimated Rotor Resistance for 100 % incline alteration Rr Fig 4 Actual and estimated rotor opposition for 100 % trapezoidal alteration Rr From the consequences, it is observed that estimated rotor opposition is tracking with existent rotor opposition. MRAS based Rotor opposition calculator utilizing reactive power method is studied and designed for vector controlled initiation motor thrusts. The public presentation of rotor opposition calculator utilizing reactive power is analyzed extensively for assorted alterations in rotor opposition. From the consequences obtained, it is observed the mistake between that existent and estimated rotor opposition is ever found to be less than 0.9 % and the subsiding clip is found to be about 1 sec. 3. Analysis of vector controlled drive public presentation with and without calculator Vector control is besides known as the â€Å" field oriented control † , â€Å" flux oriented control † or â€Å" indirect torsion control † . Using field orientation ( Clarke-Park transmutation ) , three-phase current vectors are converted to a planar rotating mention frame ( d-q ) from a 3-dimensional stationary mention frame. The â€Å" vitamin D † constituent represents the flux bring forthing constituent of the stator current and the â€Å" Q † constituent represents the torsion bring forthing constituent. These two decoupled constituents can be independently controlled by go throughing though separate PI accountants. The end products of the PI accountants are transformed back to the 3-dimensional stationary mention plane utilizing the opposite of the Clarke-Park transmutation. The corresponding shift form is pulse breadth modulated driving a Voltage beginning Inverter. This control simulates a individually exited DC motor theoretical account, which provides an first-class torque-speed curve. The transmutation from the stationary mention frame to the revolving mention frame is done and controlled with mention to a specific flux linkage infinite vector ( stator flux linkage, rotor flux linkage or magnetising flux linkage ) . In general, there exists three possibilities for such choice and hence, three different vector controls. They are: Stator flux oriented control, Rotor flux oriented control and magnetising flux oriented control. As the torsion bring forthing constituent in this type of control is controlled merely after transmutation is done and is non the chief input mention, such control is known as â€Å" indirect torsion control † . The most ambitious and finally, the confining characteristic of the field orientation, is the method whereby the flux angle is measured or estimated. Depending on the method of measuring, the vector control is divided into two subcategories: direct and indirect vector control. In direct vector control, the flux measuring is done by utilizing the flux feeling spirals or the Hall devices. This adds to extra hardware cost and in add-on, measuring is non extremely accurate. Therefore, this method is non a really good control technique. The more common method is indirect vector control. In this method, the flux angle is non measured straight, but is estimated from the tantamount circuit theoretical account and from measurings of the rotor velocity, the stator current and the electromotive force. One common technique for gauging the rotor flux is based on the faux pas relation. This requires the measuring of the rotor place and the stator current. With current and place detectors, this method performs moderately good over the full velocity scope. The most high-performance VFDs in operation today employ indirect field orientation based on the faux pas relation. The advantages of the vector control are to better the torsion response compared to the scalar control, full-load torsion near to zero velocity, accurate velocity control and public presentation nearing DC thrust, among others. This chapter gives complete inside informations about indirect vector control strategy. Fig 4 Vector controlled Induction Motor Drives The indirect field oriented control presented here is rotor flux oriented control. Figure 4 shows the complete schematic of rotor opposition appraisal for indirect field oriented control of initiation motor thrusts. The torsion bid is generated as a map of the velocity mistake signal, by and large processed through a PI accountant. The torsion and flux bid are processed in the computation block. The three stage mention current generated from the functional block is compared with the existent current in the hysteresis set current accountant and the accountant takes the necessary action to bring forth PWM pulsations. The PWM pulsations are used to trip the electromotive force beginning inverter to drive the Induction motor.3.3 Simulation ConsequencesThe IFOC thrust public presentation is analyzed without and with calculator for the operating status. Reference speed = 100rad/sec Reference rotor flux = 0.9wb Load torsion = 7.5Nm ( invariable ) Rotor Resistance = 100 % measure alteration in rotor opposition is given at 1 2nd.3.3.1 Simulation consequence for decoupled stator current for runing status I with and without rotor opposition calculatorFig 3.3 vitamin D and q axis of stator current for runing status I without Rr calculator Fig 3.4 vitamin D and q axis of stator current for runing status I with Rr calculator3.3.2 Simulation consequence for torsion for runing status I with and without rotoropposition calculatorFig 3.5 Actual and mention torsion for runing status I without Rr calculator Fig 3.6 Actual and mention torsion for runing status I with Rr calculator3.3.3 Simulation consequence for rotor flux for runing status I with and withoutrotor opposition calculatorFig 3.7 Actual and mention rotor flux for runing status I without Rr calculator Fig 3.8 Actual and mention rotor flux for runing status I with Rr calculator3.5 Significance of Estimation clip on the thrust public presentationIn the execution of the calculators, the clip taken for appraisal is an of import parametric quantity. Faster tracking will take to better dynamic public presentation. The cost of the calculator should be low to maintain the cost of the thrust system within the allowable degrees. Hence a survey on the thrust public presentation has been done for assorted appraisal times and the torsion and the flux responses are observed. The consequences are tabulated in Table 3.2 and 3.3. The appraisal clip decides the transeunt public presentation indices like settling clip and peak wave-off in both torsion and flux responses of the vector controlled thrust. The appraisal mistake has less impact on the transeunt public presentation. However the steady province mistake in both torsion and flux response chiefly decided by the appraisal mistake. The thrust public presentation is analyzed with assorted calculators in which the appraisal mistake is kept changeless at 1 % and clip of appraisal is varied. The appraisal mistake and appraisal clip of the vector controlled initiation motor thrust is analyzed for the operating status for mention velocity 100rad/sec, mention rotor flux 0.9wb, the rated burden torsion ( 7.5Nm ) is reduced to 5.5Nm,40 % measure alteration in rotor opposition is given at 2 second.From this the transeunt response in torsion and flux are studied. Table 3.3 Flux Response for Various Estimation Times Table 3.2 Torque Response for Various Estimation Times ESTIMATION TIME ( sec ) Settling TIME ( sec ) PEAK OVERSHOOT( % )No hold––8*10-3 0.2 0.4520*10-30.231.5530*10-3 0.25 4.95 80*10-3 0.27 6.75 100*10-3 0.55 8.29 1 1.2 11.25 ESTIMATION TIME ( sec ) Settling TIME ( sec ) PEAK OVERSHOOT( % )No hold––8*10-3 0.11 2.9520*10-30.146.5530*10-3 0.17 10.72 80*10-3 0.2 16.33 100*10-3 0.55 16.55 1 1.15 16.65 Table 3.5 Flux Response for Various Estimation Mistakes Table 3.4 Torque Response for Various Estimation Mistakes ESTIMATION ERROR ( % ) Steady STATE ERROR ( % ) 0 0 0.4 0 1 0.261.50.442 0.65 3 0.71 5 1.03 ESTIMATION ERROR ( % ) Steady STATE ERROR ( % ) 0 0 0.4 0 1 0.391.50.502 0.70 3 0.95 5 1.11 Similarly with same runing conditions the steady province analysis of the torsion and flux response of the thrust can be done by holding the appraisal clip as changeless with assorted appraisal mistakes. The public presentation is studied with a changeless appraisal clip of 20ms. The Torque and the flux responses for the above conditions are tabulated in Table 3.4 and 3.5. The bold Numberss shown in table 3.2, 3.3, 3.4 and 3.5 are the optimal allowable values of the appraisal clip and appraisal mistake. It is obvious that as the appraisal clip and the appraisal mistake are increased the thrust public presentation is being deteriorated. However it is quiet appealing to settle down with the maximal allowable appraisal clip and appraisal mistake, so that the thrust public presentation is satisfactory. Therefore from the consequences it can be concluded that the public presentation of the thrust is satisfactory with the maximal appraisal clip of 20ms and an appraisal mistake of 1.5 % .4. DecisionThe MRAS based Rotor opposition calculator utilizing reactive power method is studied and designed for vector controlled initiation motor thrusts. The public presentation of rotor opposition calculator utilizing reactive power is analyzed extensively for assorted alterations in rotor opposition. From the consequences obtained, it is observed the mistake between that existent and estimated rotor opposition is ever found to be less than 0.9 % and the subsiding clip is found to be about 1 sec. The public presentation of Vector Controlled Induction Motor Drive with and without Rotor Resistance calculator is studied. From the consequences, it is observed that the without rotor opposition calculator, the decouple control is lost which leads to important deteriorates in the public presentation of vector controlled initiation motor thrusts while with rotor opposition calculator, the decouple control is achieved and the public presentation of IFOC is truly enhanced. The maximal allowable appraisal mistake and appraisal clip for rotor opposition appraisal that does non deteriorate the public presentation of IFOC is found to be 1.5 % and 20ms severally.